Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in childhood and can persist into adulthood. It affects how individuals focus, control impulses, and maintain attention. ADHD is more than occasional restlessness or forgetfulness; it significantly interferes with a person’s daily functioning, academic achievement, occupational performance, and relationships. It is characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

CDC Definition of ADHD
Mayo Clinic ADHD Overview

Other Name(s) for ADHD

ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) – an older term, now mostly used to refer to the inattentive subtype of ADHD.

Difference Between ADHD and Similar Conditions

ADHD differs from occasional distraction or high energy. It can be confused with:

Anxiety Disorders

Autism Spectrum Disorders

Learning Disabilities

Bipolar Disorder
However, ADHD presents consistently across different environments (home, school, work), while others may be context-specific.

Difference Between Normal and Abnormal States

All individuals may occasionally feel restless or distracted, but in ADHD:

Symptoms are frequent and severe.

They impair functioning in at least two settings (e.g., school and home).

They persist for 6 months or more.

Types of ADHD

Predominantly Inattentive Type (previously called ADD)

Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type

Combined Type

Causes of ADHD

The exact cause is unknown but may involve:

Genetics

Brain structure and function differences

Prenatal exposure to alcohol or tobacco

Low birth weight or premature birth

Risk Factors

Family history of ADHD

Maternal smoking, drinking, or drug use during pregnancy

Environmental toxins (e.g., lead exposure)

Who Is Vulnerable/Susceptible?

Children (especially boys)

Individuals with family members diagnosed with ADHD

Children born prematurely or exposed to toxins

Complications

Poor academic performance

Difficulty maintaining relationships

Low self-esteem

Increased risk for substance use

Risky behaviors or accidents

Prevention

There is no guaranteed prevention, but prenatal care, avoiding toxins during pregnancy, and early diagnosis/intervention can reduce symptom severity.

How ADHD Develops

Symptoms often appear by age 12, sometimes as early as 3 years. They may evolve with age, often becoming less hyperactive but more inattentive in adults.

Common Symptoms of ADHD

Inattention (e.g., forgetfulness, disorganization)

Hyperactivity (e.g., fidgeting, restlessness)

Impulsivity (e.g., interrupting, difficulty waiting)

What Other Problems Can Cause ADHD-like Symptoms?

Sleep disorders

Anxiety

Depression

Learning disabilities

Trauma

Diagnosis and Tests

There’s no single test. Diagnosis is based on:

Clinical interviews

Rating scales completed by parents, teachers

DSM-5 criteria

Rule-out of other conditions

CDC Diagnosis Guidelines

Treatment and Therapies

Medications:

Stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate, amphetamine)

Non-stimulants (e.g., atomoxetine, guanfacine)

Behavioral Therapy:

Parent training

Classroom management

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Lifestyle Adjustments:

Structure and routines

Exercise

Healthy diet and sleep habits

Statistics & Disparity

About 6 million children aged 3–17 in the U.S. have been diagnosed with ADHD (CDC).

Boys are more likely to be diagnosed than girls.

Diagnosis rates vary by race/ethnicity, income, and region.

Alternative/Complementary Treatments

Omega-3 supplements

Mindfulness and yoga

Neurofeedback (experimental)

These should never replace conventional treatments but may support them.

New Medications for ADHD

Qelbree (viloxazine): a non-stimulant for children and adolescents

Adhansia XR, Jornay PM: extended-release stimulants

FDA Drug Approvals

Cost of Treatment and Insurance

Medication can range from $30–$300/month

Therapy costs $100–$200 per session

Most insurance plans, including Medicaid, cover diagnosis and treatment

Prognosis

With treatment, many individuals with ADHD lead successful, fulfilling lives. Symptoms may persist into adulthood but often become more manageable.

What Happens If No Treatment?

Academic failure

Substance use disorders

Legal and occupational difficulties

Mental health challenges (depression, anxiety)

Survival Rate / Mortality Rate

ADHD is not fatal but increases the risk for unintentional injury or suicide if untreated.

Palliative Care

Not typically applicable; however, supportive care is crucial for severe cases or comorbid conditions.

Living with ADHD

Creating routines

Using planners or apps

Seeking social and emotional support

Advocacy and education for caregivers and teachers

New Treatment Approaches

Digital therapeutics (e.g., FDA-approved video game EndeavorRx)

Genetic testing for medication compatibility (emerging)

Related Issues

Sleep disorders

Learning disabilities

Oppositional defiant disorder

Substance abuse

Ongoing Research

Brain imaging and genetics

Environmental impact

Long-term effects of medications

Clinical Trials & Participation

NIH Clinical Trials on ADHD

Additional Information & Resources

CDC ADHD Overview

Mayo Clinic: ADHD

MedlinePlus ADHD Guide

Cleveland Clinic: ADHD

NHS UK ADHD

NIH ADHD Research

Source: America Healthline Medical Team